Corrections and Retractions

The International Journal of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneurship (IJEBE) is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of its published articles. When errors or ethical concerns are identified, the journal will examine the available evidence and take appropriate action. Corrections and retractions aim to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record and provide readers with clear information.

1. Article Corrections

A correction is issued when an error or omission requires rectification, but the main findings and conclusions of the article remain reliable. Corrections may address author information, funding statements, conflicts of interest, references, tables, figures, or sections of the text.

Requests for changes to authorship must comply with the journal's authorship policy. Typographical errors that do not affect meaning generally do not require a formal correction notice.

2. Article Retractions

A retraction is considered when there is strong evidence that an article is unreliable or contains serious misconduct that cannot be adequately addressed through a correction, including:

- Major errors, fabrication, or falsification that undermine the reliability of the findings.
- Plagiarism or redundant publication without adequate disclosure.
- Unethical research practices or the use of materials without proper authorization.
- Manipulation of the peer review process.
- Undisclosed major conflicts of interest that substantially affect the assessment of the article.

Retractions may result from either honest errors or ethical misconduct. Authorship disputes alone generally do not warrant retraction if the content of the article remains reliable.

3. Expressions of Concern

The editor may issue an expression of concern when a serious issue requires readers' attention, but the available evidence is insufficient to determine the appropriate final action or an investigation is still ongoing.

An expression of concern does not constitute a determination that misconduct has been established. Once the investigation is complete, the journal will publish a follow-up notice explaining the outcome.

4. Reporting and Investigation

Authors, readers, reviewers, or other parties may report concerns through the journal's official contact channels. Reports should include:

- The article title and its DOI or URL.
- The specific section or content of concern.
- An explanation of the concern and supporting evidence.
- Suggested corrections, where applicable.

The editor will assess the report, request a response from the authors, and consult independent experts or relevant institutions when necessary. Editors with conflicts of interest will not participate in handling the case or making the decision.

5. Editorial Decisions

Decisions are based on the available evidence, the severity of the issue, and its impact on the article. Authors will be given an opportunity to provide an explanation; however, their consent is not a prerequisite for issuing a necessary editorial notice.

A failure by the authors to respond will not prevent the investigation from proceeding. The decision and its rationale will be communicated to the relevant parties.

6. Publication of Notices

Correction, expression of concern, and retraction notices must:

- Have a title that clearly identifies the type of editorial action.
- Identify the article concerned.
- Explain the reasons for and scope of the action factually.
- Identify the party issuing the notice.
- Be freely accessible and linked to the relevant article.

Substantive changes must not be made silently. If the article file is updated, the date and history of the changes must be documented.

7. Status of Retracted Articles

Retracted articles will remain available as part of the scholarly record, with a clear “Retracted” label displayed on the article's webpage and within the article file. The DOI will be retained to ensure that the publication history remains traceable.

Removal of the article's content will be considered only under exceptional circumstances, such as legal requirements or serious risks to privacy and safety. If removal is necessary, the metadata and a notice explaining the reasons for removal will be retained to the extent permitted.

8. Appeals and Follow-up Actions

Authors may appeal an editorial decision by submitting their reasons and any additional supporting evidence through the journal's official contact channels. Appeals will be reviewed independently of any conflicts of interest.

The journal will update a notice if new evidence changes the outcome of the investigation and, where possible, communicate the change in status to the relevant indexing services.