Building Competitive Rural Enterprises through Collaborative Governance: A Model for Strengthening BUMDes in Indonesia
Keywords:
Village-Owned Enterprise, BUMDes, Penta-Helix Collaboration, Value Chain Analysis, Rural Economic Development, Indonesia
Abstract
Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) have emerged as key instruments for rural economic development in Indonesia, yet many face challenges in sustainability, innovation, and stakeholder engagement. This study proposes an integrated strategic model combining the Penta-Helix collaboration framework and value chain analysis to strengthen BUMDes performance. Drawing on qualitative case studies from three villages in Kepulauan Meranti Regency—Bina Maju, Semukut, and Tanjung—the research explores how collaboration with government, academia, private sector, media, and community aligns with value creation across enterprise stages. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Findings reveal strong community and government roles, but limited integration of academic, private, and media actors. The study identifies context-specific gaps and proposes a stakeholder-aligned implementation roadmap to improve BUMDes operations. This research contributes a flexible, scalable model for building competitive, collaborative, and resilient rural enterprises, offering both theoretical insight and practical guidance for local governments, development agencies, and BUMDes managers.
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References
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Susanti, R., Purwandari, S., & Prilosadoso, B. (2022). Penta helix as strategy of tourism village development in karangasem village, bulu district, sukoharjo regency. International Journal of Social Science, 2(4), 1979-1984. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v2i4.4261
Tabares, A., Pineda, A., Cano, J., & Montoya, R. (2022). Rural entrepreneurship: an analysis of current and emerging issues from the sustainable livelihood framework. Economies, 10(6), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10060142
Wahidah, I. and Suherman, D. (2022). Penta helix collaboration in increasing regional tourism competitiveness of bandung city. Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik, 6(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.24198/jmpp.v6i1.39986
Widianingsih, I., & Morrell, E. (2007). PARTICIPATORY PLANNING IN INDONESIA: Seeking a New Path to Democracy. Policy Studies, 28(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870601121320
Wiwoho, J., Saputro, N., Pamungkas, P., Trinugroho, I., Ariefianto, M., & Goestjahjantie, F. (2021). Rural bank and regional economic development: evidence from indonesia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(2), 818-827. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3761.2021
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Zhang, X., Sun, Y., Gao, Y., & Dong, Y. (2022). Paths out of poverty: social entrepreneurship and sustainable development. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1062669
Zheng, Z., He, W., & Wei, G. (2024). Technical scheme for optimizing urban and rural logistics operations and improving the informatization of rural logistics.. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde231319
Andayana, M., Holivil, E., Rene, M., Kholikin, R., & Konslaus, K. (2024). Strengthening rural economies: governance of village-owned enterprises (bumdes) for agricultural sustainability in sikka regency, indonesia. Jurnal Administrator, 6(2), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.55100/administrator.v6i2.86
Arham, M., Fadhli, A., & Dai, S. (2020). Does agricultural performance contribute to rural poverty reduction in indonesia?. Jejak, 13(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v13i1.20178
Aritenang, A. (2021). The role of social capital on rural enterprises economic performance: a case study in indonesia villages. Sage Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211044178
Asih, D. and Rustam, A. (2022). The linkage between cash crops choice and food security of rural household in indonesia. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 1107(1), 012088. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012088
Azwar, H., Hanafiah, M., Ghani, A., Azinuddin, M., & Shariffuddin, N. (2023). Community-based tourism (cbt) moving forward: penta helix development strategy through community local wisdom empowerment. Planning Malaysia, 21. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i25.1225
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Devian, I., Sumartono, S., Hermawan, H., & Wike, W. (2024). In addressing forest and land fires in east kotawaringin regency, collaboration and socio-economic aspects of the penta helix model are employed. Revista De Gestão Social E Ambiental, 18(5), e06812. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n5-146
Devaux, A., Ríos-Velasco, C., Ordinola, M., & Naziri, D. (2020). Enhancing value chain innovation through collective action: lessons from the andes, africa, and asia., 75-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28683-5_3
Dhewanto, W., Ratnaningtyas, S., Permatasari, A., Anggadwita, G., & Prasetio, E. (2020). Rural entrepreneurship: towards collaborative participative models for economic sustainability. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(1), 705-724. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.1(48)
Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research policy, 29(2), 109-123.
Ginting, Y., Sitompul, S., Siregar, H., Nainggolan, R., & Yusriadi, Y. (2023). Knowledge management in sustainable competitive destinations (scd) of national cultural tourism event bakar tongkang bagansiapiapi. Migration Letters, 20(5), 952-970. https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20i5.4157
Hajar, S., Ramlan, R., & Arma, N. (2024). Tourism governance based-on penta-helix model in samosir island, indonesia. International Journal of Religion, 5(11), 1914-1927. https://doi.org/10.61707/rjw9gt07
Hakim, M., Agung, M., Hanif, N., & Firman, F. (2024). Driving village-owner enterprises (bumdes) innovation as a driving force for independent village development through inclusive leadership. JSC, 2(2), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.61183/jsc.v2i2.49
Helmold, M. and Terry, B. (2021). Supply management 4.0., 35-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68696-3_3
Imanuella, S., Idris, A., & Kamaruddin, N. (2024). Social entrepreneurship and rural development in post-independence indonesia. Social Enterprise Journal, 21(1), 46-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-12-2023-0155
Kambu, A. and Bisay, C. (2023). Fish logistic system using value and cold chain approaches. Jumabis (Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis), 7(1), 24-28. https://doi.org/10.55264/jumabis.v7i1.99
Maksum, A., Alimuddin, S., Sahide, A., Muhammad, A., & Ma’arif, H. (2023). Agriculture and international organization in indonesia: the twitter analysis of fao indonesia. E3s Web of Conferences, 444, 01001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344401001
Marta, A., Asrida, W., Amin, R., Febrina, R., & Harirah, Z. (2024). Pentahelix collaboration on environmental perspective: handling underdeveloped villages in conservation forests. E3s Web of Conferences, 506, 05006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450605006
Mahopo, T., Nesamvuni, N., Nesamvuni, A., & Niekerk, J. (2023). Value chain analysis of the street food enterprises in the rural towns of vhembe district, limpopo province.. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110398
Ndlovu, W., Karonga, S., & Vorhies, F. (2025). Wild meat value chain integration systems: opportunities for value chain formalisation and scaling in africa. African Journal of Ecology, 63(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.70017
Nemati, M. and Weber, G. (2022). Social media marketing strategies based on crm value chain model. International Journal of Innovation in Marketing Elements, 2(1), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.59615/ijime.2.1.12
Nugroho, C., Pertiwi, V., & Meitasari, D. (2020). Improving the competitive advantage of bumdes based on the optimal utilization of local assets communities. Habitat, 31(3), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2020.031.3.19
Nugroho, T. (2024). The influence of gender on the performance of village-owned enterprises in the province of east java, indonesia. Habitat, 35(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2024.035.1.1
Nurhaeni, I., Putri, I., Mulyadi, A., & Sudibyo, D. (2024). Penta helix collaboration in developing social inclusion for persons with disabilities. Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy, 5(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.46507/jcgpp.v5i1.105
Pradhipta, R. and Nofiyanti, F. (2021). Penta helix strategy in rural tourism (case study of tugu utara bogor). E3s Web of Conferences, 232, 04010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123204010
Pratiwi, A., Wessiani, N., Suwignjo, P., & Fadli, R. (2024). Industrial cluster design using value chain analysis and diamond porter’s model (case study in batik trusmi cirebon center). E3s Web of Conferences, 517, 05005. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451705005
Rosyadi, S., Sabiq, A., Ahmad, A., & Yamin, M. (2021). The cross-sector collaboration for development policy of rural creative economy: the case of bengkoang creative hub. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 8(1), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.811339
Ruan, S. (2020). Research on strategic cost management of enterprises based on porter’s value chain model. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1533(2), 022056. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1533/2/022056
Sari, Y., Handayani, D., Marta, A., Desiana, V., & Wiranata, I. (2022). Penta helix collaboration on village tourism development program in indonesia post covid-19 pandemic.. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220102.004
Sentanu, I., Prabowo, A., Kumalasari, K., Galih, A., & Wismanu, R. (2021). Stakeholder collaboration model for ecotourism development in indonesia: case study from batu city east java province. Journal of Government and Civil Society, 5(2), 214. https://doi.org/10.31000/jgcs.v5i2.4420
Silvianita, A., Ahmad, M., Rubiyanti, N., Alfanur, F., Hendayani, R., Rachmawati, I., … & Mangsor, M. (2023). Penguatan kapasitas badan usaha milik desa (bumdes) untuk mengoptimalkan potensi desa dalam rangka pemberdayaan masyarakat dan potensi desa di kabupaten tasikmalaya. Sawala Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Pembangunan Sosial Desa Dan Masyarakat, 4(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.24198/sawala.v4i2.50394
Simanjuntak, L., Satya, L., Braggi, M., & Kitorang, K. (2024). Analisis kolaborasi penta-helix dalam implementasi sustainable development goals pada program desa berdaya - taman inspirasi waibu. Jurnal Ekonomika Manajemen Akuntansi Dan Perbankan Syari Ah, 13(1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.24903/je.v13i1.2685
Siregar, S., Riyanti, I., & Suasungnern, S. (2024). Reconstructing the cooperative rule of law as an alternative for economic empowerment of rural communities in indonesia. IJCS, 1(12), 940-951. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijcs.v1i12.12043
Sudiana, K., Sule, E., Soemaryani, I., & Yunizar, Y. (2020). The development and validation of the penta helix construct. Verslas Teorija Ir Praktika, 21(1), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11231
Susanti, R., Purwandari, S., & Prilosadoso, B. (2022). Penta helix as strategy of tourism village development in karangasem village, bulu district, sukoharjo regency. International Journal of Social Science, 2(4), 1979-1984. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v2i4.4261
Tabares, A., Pineda, A., Cano, J., & Montoya, R. (2022). Rural entrepreneurship: an analysis of current and emerging issues from the sustainable livelihood framework. Economies, 10(6), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10060142
Wahidah, I. and Suherman, D. (2022). Penta helix collaboration in increasing regional tourism competitiveness of bandung city. Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik, 6(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.24198/jmpp.v6i1.39986
Widianingsih, I., & Morrell, E. (2007). PARTICIPATORY PLANNING IN INDONESIA: Seeking a New Path to Democracy. Policy Studies, 28(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870601121320
Wiwoho, J., Saputro, N., Pamungkas, P., Trinugroho, I., Ariefianto, M., & Goestjahjantie, F. (2021). Rural bank and regional economic development: evidence from indonesia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(2), 818-827. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3761.2021
Yan, M. and Cao, X. (2024). Digital economy development, rural land certification, and rural industrial integration. Sustainability, 16(11), 4640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114640
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (applied social research methods). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
Zhang, X., Sun, Y., Gao, Y., & Dong, Y. (2022). Paths out of poverty: social entrepreneurship and sustainable development. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1062669
Zheng, Z., He, W., & Wei, G. (2024). Technical scheme for optimizing urban and rural logistics operations and improving the informatization of rural logistics.. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde231319
Published
2025-09-03
How to Cite
Saputra, R., & Havlicek, T. (2025). Building Competitive Rural Enterprises through Collaborative Governance: A Model for Strengthening BUMDes in Indonesia. International Journal of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 120-149. https://doi.org/10.23960/ijebe.v8i2.334
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